2007 USAMO Problems/Problem 1

Problem

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Define a sequence by setting $a_1 = n$ and, for each $k>1$ , letting $a_k$ be the unique integer in the range $0 \le a_k \le k-1$ for which $a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_k$ is divisible by $k$ . For instance, when $n=9$ the obtained sequence is $9, 1, 2, 0, 3, 3, 3, \ldots$ . Prove that for any $n$ the sequence $a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots$ eventually becomes constant.

By the above, we have that

$b_{k+1} = \frac{b_k \cdot k + a_{k+1}}{k+1} = \left(\frac{k}{k+1}\right) \cdot b_k + \frac{a_{k+1}}{k+1}$

$\frac{k}{k+1} < 1$ , and by definition, $\frac{a_{k+1}}{k+1} < 1$ . Thus, $b_{k+1} < b_k + 1$ . Also, both $b_k,\ b_{k+1}$ are integers, so $b_{k+1} \le b_k$ . As the $b_k$ s form a non-increasing sequence of positive integers, they must eventually become constant.

Therefore, $b_k = b_{k+1}$ for some sufficiently large value of $k$ . Then $a_{k+1} = s_{k+1} - s_k = b_k(k + 1) - b_k(k) = b_k$ , so eventually the sequence $a_k$ becomes constant.

Since $a_1+a_2+\hdots+a_n=nk$ , for some integer $k$ , we can keep adding $k$ to satisfy the conditions, provided that $k\le n$ because $a_n+1\le n$ .

Because $k\le \frac{n+1}{2}\le n$ , the sequence must eventually become constant.

2007 USAMO (Problems • Resources: AoPS \| ML)
Preceded by First question	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6	Followed by Problem 2