1969 IMO Problems/Problem 6

Problem

Prove that for all real numbers $x_1, x_2, y_1, y_2, z_1, z_2$ , with $x_1 > 0, x_2 > 0, y_1 > 0, y_2 > 0, z_1 > 0, z_2 > 0, x_1y_1 - z_1^2 > 0, x_2y_2 - z_2^2 > 0$ , the inequality $\frac{8}{(x_1 + x_2)(y_1 + y_2) - (z_1 + z_2)^2} \leq \frac{1}{x_1y_1 - z_1^2} + \frac{1}{x_2y_2 - z_2^2}$ is satisfied. Give necessary and sufficient conditions for equality.

Solution

Let $A=x_1y_1 - z_1^2>0$ and $B=x_2y_2 - z_2^2>0$

From AM-GM:

$\sqrt{AB} \le \frac{A+B}{2}$ with equality at $A=B$

$4AB \le (A+B)^2$

$\frac{4}{A+B} \le \frac{A+B}{AB}$

$\frac{8}{2(A+B)} \le \frac{A+B}{AB}$

$\frac{8}{2(A+B)} \le \frac{1}{A}+\frac{1}{B}$ [Equation 1]

$(x_1 + x_2)(y_1 + y_2) - (z_1 + z_2)^2=x_1y_1+x_2y_2+x_1y_2+x_2y_1-z_1^2-2z_1z_2-z_2^2$

$(x_1 + x_2)(y_1 + y_2) - (z_1 + z_2)^2=(A+B)+x_1y_2+x_2y_1-2z_1z_2$

since $x_1y_1>z_1^2$ and $x_2y_2>z_2^2$ , and using the Rearrangement inequality

then $x_1y_1+x_2y_2-z_1z_1-z_2z_2 \le x_1y_2+x_2y_1-z_1z_2-z_1z_2$

$(A+B) \le x_1y_2+x_2y_1-2z_1z_2$

$2(A+B) \le x_1y_1+x_2y_2+x_1y_2+x_2y_1-z_1^2-2z_1z_2-z_2^2$

$2(A+B) \le (x_1 + x_2)(y_1 + y_2) - (z_1 + z_2)^2$ [Equation 2]

Therefore, we can can use [Equation 2] into [Equation 1] to get:

$\frac{8}{(x_1 + x_2)(y_1 + y_2) - (z_1 + z_2)^2} \le \frac{1}{A}+\frac{1}{B}$

Then, from the values of $A$ and $B$ we get:

$\frac{8}{(x_1 + x_2)(y_1 + y_2) - (z_1 + z_2)^2} \leq \frac{1}{x_1y_1 - z_1^2} + \frac{1}{x_2y_2 - z_2^2}$

With equality at $x_1y_1 - z_1^2=x_2y_2 - z_2^2>0$ and $x_1=x_2, y_1=y_2, z_1=z_2$

~Tomas Diaz. orders@tomasdiaz.com

Solution 2

This solution is actually more difficult but I added it here for fun to see the generalized case as follows:

Prove that for all real numbers $a_i, b_i$ , for $i=1,2,...,n$ with $a_i > 0, b_i > 0$

and $\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}a_i-a_n^{n-1}>0, \prod_{i=1}^{n-1}b_i-b_n^{n-1}>0$ the inequality

$\frac{2^n}{\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}(a_i + b_i) - (a_n + b_n)^{n-1}} \leq \frac{1}{\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}a_i-a_n^{n-1}} + \frac{1}{\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}b_i-b_n^{n-1}}$ is satisfied.

Let $A=\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}a_i-a_n^{n-1}$ and $\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}b_i-b_n^{n-1}>0$

From AM-GM:

$\sqrt{AB} \le \frac{A+B}{2}$ with equality at $A=B$

$4AB \le (A+B)^2$

$\frac{4}{A+B} \le \frac{A+B}{AB}$

$\frac{2^n}{2^{n-2}(A+B)} \le \frac{A+B}{AB}$

$\frac{2^n}{2^{n-2}(A+B)} \le \frac{1}{A}+\frac{1}{B}$ [Equation 3]

Here's the difficult part where I'm skipping steps:

we prove that $2^{n-2}(A+B) \le \prod_{i=1}^{n-1}(a_i + b_i) - (a_n + b_n)^{n-1}$

and replace in [Equation 3] to get:

$\frac{2^n}{\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}(a_i + b_i) - (a_n + b_n)^{n-1}} \le \frac{1}{A}+\frac{1}{B}$

and replace the values of $A$ and $B$ to get:

$\frac{2^n}{\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}(a_i + b_i) - (a_n + b_n)^{n-1}} \leq \frac{1}{\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}a_i-a_n^{n-1}} + \frac{1}{\prod_{i=1}^{n-1}b_i-b_n^{n-1}}$

with equality at $a_i=b_i$ for all $i=1,2,...,n$

Then set $n=3, a_1=x_1, a_2=y_1, a_3=z_1, b_1=x_2, b_2=y_2, b_3=z_3$ and substitute in the generalized inequality to get:

$\frac{8}{(x_1 + x_2)(y_1 + y_2) - (z_1 + z_2)^2} \leq \frac{1}{x_1y_1 - z_1^2} + \frac{1}{x_2y_2 - z_2^2}$

with equality at $x_1=x_2, y_1=y_2, z_1=z_2$

~Tomas Diaz. orders@tomasdiaz.com

Alternate solutions are always welcome. If you have a different, elegant solution to this problem, please add it to this page.

1969 IMO (Problems) • Resources
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1969 IMO Problems/Problem 6

Contents

Problem

Solution

Solution 2

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